Figures of Speech : Irony,Litotes,Literal Meaning ,Machinery ,Metaphor

Irony:

A statement or a situation or an action which actually means th opposite of its surface meaning. An often quoted example of irony "Brutus is an honourable man " from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. Antony says this in his oration over the dead body of Caesar.

appreciation of Brutus really means that Brutus who killed Caes is an ignoble man. The first sentence of Pride and Prejudice  another example of irony:

"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single m  in possession of a good fortune, must be in want After reading the novel one, however, finds that it is not the rich  man who needs a wife but, quite opposite to it, it is the lady who  needs a rich husband.
Figures of Speech : Foot, Genre or Form , Heroic couplet

Litotes:

 A. figure in which the negative statement suggests a very strong affirmative. For instance, "He is not a bad student" means he IS a good student.

Literal Meaning :

The dictionary or primary meaning of a word or sentence.

Machinery :

The supernatural agents used in an epic or a mock-epic. For example, the whole battalion of the sylphs and nymphs under Ariel's command in The Rape of the Lock is called the machinery of it. (see   Epic)
Literary Terms : Epic Simile,Epigram,Episode,Epithet,Exposition

Metaphor:

An implicit comparison between two different things. It is a compressed form of simile. Liza is a rose is an example of metaphor as there is an implied comparison between the colour, softness, fragrance, etc. of the rose and those of Liza . It becomes a simile if the comparison is made explicit: Liza is like a rose.